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obvious differences being drawn. The principles of the CTML contain five principles that specifically aim to limit extraneous information within the presentation and include: spatial contiguity (i.e., position text adjacent to correspond- ing image), temporal contiguity (i.e., position narration and animation at the same time), coherence (i.e., remove extra- neous words, picture or sounds), signaling (i.e., only pre- sent essential information), and redundancy (i.e., do not use text with a narrated presentation) (Mayer, 2009, 2010). In comparison to the textbook the screencast closely aligned with the spatial contiguity principle as only essen- tial material is presented and this information is progres- sively added as the presentation continues. This is in contrast to the textbook which presents the full annotated picture and accompanying text at the same time, with this being evident every time the page is turned. Similarly, the temporal contiguity principle is also applied with the corre- sponding narration occurring at the same time as the rele- vant structure is drawn allowing the two to be linked together seamlessly. For a textbook reader the text needs to be understood and then applied to the diagram, which in some circumstances can be particularly difficult. The coherence principle advocates the removal of extraneous information; with only the essential structures drawn, irrel- evant text removed and a guided narration, the screencasts closely match this recommendation. The screencasts con- form to the signaling principle with no additional preposi- tions being used and only the anatomical structure or movement term being added. This is obviously in stark contrast to the textbook which has extensive, and often highly detailed, sections of text to explain the relevant anatomy. The redundancy principle suggests that no text is added to a narrated presentation. Although the author appreciates the logic behind this recommendation, having an anatomical structure or movement term added does not appear to be overly distracting and allows the resources to serve as a useful revision aid. Although the data presented has highlighted an enhanced impact on learning gain with the use of a TEL resources, the author is not advocating the withdrawal of textbooks from anatomy curricula. Many students of anat- omy have, and will continue to, successfully utilize these resources as part of their own learning. However, taking into consideration the results presented in this study and the principles of the CTML, multimedia presentations do have a positive role in anatomical education which are evi- denced based.
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